Opioids include both prescription medications and illicit substances that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Common prescription opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl. According to the CDC’s 2024 drug overdose data, synthetic opioids, primarily illicit fentanyl, were involved in the majority of overdose deaths in the United States.
Opioids reduce the perception of pain and trigger a release of dopamine, which reinforces repeated use. Over time, the brain adjusts to the presence of the drug, requiring more of it to produce the same effect, a process known as tolerance.
How Are Opioids Different From Opiates?
Opiates refer specifically to substances derived directly from the opium poppy plant, such as morphine and codeine. Opioids is the broader term that includes both natural opiates and synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds like fentanyl and oxycodone. In clinical and public health settings, “opioid” is now the standard term used to describe the full category.
The distinction matters less in treatment than the substance itself and the pattern of use. Whether someone is using a natural or synthetic compound, the neurological effects and the treatment approach are largely the same.